2.
   2024
/...   
   
(   )
   3    : 100
: -     -    ,          
                
 -
1.            '  '    
 ?
2.              
 -
3.              
4.            
 -
5.            
2.
6.    ,    ?     '  
     '         ?
-
7.               
8.     ?            
   2024
/...   
   
(   )
   3    : 100
: -     -    ,          
                
 -
1.            '  '    
 ?
:󷃆󼽢     
      ,         
               
              - ,
     , ,       
    
2.
               
    
      ,  
    
        
        ,   ,   "    "
   
󷃆󼽢    
            -     -   
        :
1.    ( )
2.   ( )
3.     ( )
   --         
      
󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹   
  ,              
    
󹖴󹖵󹖪󹖫󹖬󹖭󹖮󹖯󹖰󹖱󹖲󹖶󹖷󹖸󹖹󹖳  
        

  
      , "
  ,   
  ,"  "
   ,      "
        
   ,        
  ,      
 ,        :
    (     )
    
    
    ,           
󹸯󹸭󹸮  
        :
2.
1. -      ( , )     

2.  -     (  , ,   )
3.       (   , 
)
󼨐󼨑󼨒
        ,   
   
    
󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹 
  ,        ,      
 
          
󷼘󷼙󷼚󷼛󸙶󸙷󸙸󷼜󸆻󸙹󸙺󷼞󷼟󷼠󷼡󷼢󷼣󸙻󷼤󸙼󷼥󷼦󷼧󷼨󷼩󷼪  
              
   

,   , "       

 "   
    ,         

   ',       
       
:
"     "
"    "
"      "
 ,            ,    
      
󼨐󼨑󼨒
    '     
 ,      
     
   
 
󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹    
2.
  ,         ,    
              ,  
:


 
󷿶󷿷󷿸󷿹󷿺󸚾󷻱󷿼󸚿󷿾󸛀󷻴󷿑󸛁󸛂󷾴󷾸󸛃󷿿󷾵󸛄󷾶󸛅󸀀󸛆󸛇󷾷󸛈󷾹󸀁󸀂  
          , "
  
       ,   ,   ,  
    

"                
󼨐󼨑󼨒
 : "   ?"       
     ,        
       ,      
󹺧󹺨󹺩󹺪󹺫  
   
   "    "     
      
  , ,    '   
󼨐󼨑󼨒     

 
 
   

 
/
"
   "


/
"   
"

/
/
"
  
 "

2.
󷃆󼽢   

,          " "    
 
 ,                 
  
             :
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾
 
,            
:
          ,
          ,
                 
   " "  - 
         ,  
  
 
󷕘󷕙󷕚    
1.        : 
     
   
2.      
:      
3.      :         
  ,    

4.        :  ,  
   
  --  
󷃆󼽢  
        ,              :
 ,          (  )
  ,  "
?"         (
)
   ,  ,        (
)
2.
                 
                
    

             
        -      
    
     
 
2.              
:󹻀   
       ,        
 (1820–1903)            
           -      
   
           ,     
" "            , 
         
,          
󷆫󷆪    
          :
1.   
2.  
        
󷃆󷃊     (    '    )
󹻀
        :
       
      
      
2.
     
  ,       -          
     

󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳    
        ,      
   ,             
             
    ,      
  :
      
   '     

      
        ,       
󹸽
  (   )
  
   
  
- 
󷃆󷃋    (     '    )
󹻀 
       :
 ,     ' 
  ,        
    
,       
  ,    ,       
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳  
2.
           ,   ,
            ,  
        
,      
 '    
 :
      '   
      
  

 ,  

        ,   ,   
'  
󹸽
  ( )
    
  
  
 -
󷃆󹸃󹸄  

  
  

  
  
 

 




  
  
  



2.
󷃆󹸊󹸋  
               ,  
       
      ,          '   , 
       
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳  
         
100  ,          
      ,     
    ,  ,    
,     ,     
  
         ,     
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬 

          :
     
  
       
,       
   ,    , ,       
       
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷   
   :
     ' 

         
   
        
        ,      
  
   ,    
2.
󷃆󼽢
         :  ,  ,  
()       ()       
 '       '         
,      
, 
      
,       ,          

 -
3.              
:     -  - 
 
" "   ,          !

              
          
 -    
           
󹸯󹸭󹸮   
     :
1.  -     

2.  -         ,   , ,
, , ,     ,     
 
 ,       :
    -       ,   
    (    ' 
) '  
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂   
         
 :
            
2.
           
  ,               , 
                
             
󷃆󽅕  
󷃆󹸊󹸋 
         ,   :
 =  ( ,   )
=   ( ,       )
 =  ,        ( ,   
    )
                 :
        
 -        
(  , , , )    
󼿝󼿞󼿟    

  ,   (          
)  (   , , , ,   )   
   :
  -          
       
󼪟󼪠󼪡    
           
 
          100    
   '  ,     ,     
          -    ,     
 
  ()   ()      
2.
  ,           
,  '
 
,     

      
󹲣󼩪󼩫󼩬󼩭󼩲󼩳󼩮󼩯󼩰󼩱   
        :
1.   (   ):
o    (, , )
o    (     ,      )
2.   (     ):
o  , , , , 
   :
   = -  
  ,  
        (   
    ),    ( , , )   
󻰿󻱀󻱁󻱂󷽳󻱃󼋥󻱅󼋦󻱆󻱇󼋧󼋨󻱈󻱉󻱊󼋩󻱋󻱌󻱍󼋪󼋫󼋬󼋭󻱎󻱏󻱐󻱑󻱒󻱓󻱔󻱕󻱖󼋮    
18
 19
 ,            
         ,       
        :
    :  ( )   ()
               

             - 
   
󷃆󹸃󹸄     
      -    ,      
:
1.     -          

2.
2.    -   
3.  -   
4.  -   
5.    -        
6. -   ,         
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬   
        
,       
:
"     -    ; ,    
"
 ,           
󷃆󼽢  
            
  
             (  ,
, )   
    
  ,      (
  )   
             
 
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷
 ,       
      
,                 ,
   
            
    -    
,        

 
     ,       ,
,  ,         
2.
4.            
:    :  - 
 ,     ,       
            ,    
       -     ,      ,     
   
   
              
      
              
      
         '   
 
           
 

 
 
   
 , ,  ,             

  
  ,          
  ,      (  ) 
  
  (  )           

           
  ,     (, ,   ) 
           
        '        
     
     ,    
 
  ?
  ,      :
        
     
      
2.
  (   )     
              

1.      
              
 
󼪀󼪃󼪄󼪁󼪅󼪆󼪂󼪇  
            '      
              
  
   
             
      
󹱑󹱒

 

2.     
           '  

󼿝󼿞󼿟  
       '       800  
        
        

            
󹱑󹱒 



3.     
 ,            ,
 
󷸌󷸍  
                 
          ,      
 
,               ,  
      
󹱑󹱒

  
2.
4.      " -"  
                 
󷉃󷉄 
        '       


 ,   , 
             
  , 
 ""  ""     
󷖳󷖴󷖵󷖶󷖷  
      
     ,     
      
  ,        ,   
            
 
󹱑󹱒 
 

     
 ?
        (  )       
   :
     
           

     
  
      
 
 ,       ,   ,    
  
  :    
             , :
    (, , )   
    
,      
  ,  
        
2.
  ,   ,         


 ,               
     :
     ,
   ' ,
     ,
 , 
         
 
     -      ,   ' , 
     - 
           ' 
  
                 
          ,       

 -
5.            
:󼨐󼨑󼨒   
 
           ,    
               
     
      ,    
 
      ,          
   
 :    ₹100         ,  
          ,       
       
 -       
2.
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂    
             
  
" "       :
    , 
    
  
 :
       ,            
        '  ,       
, 
        
󼨻󼨼   
1.          -       ,
   
2.             
  
3.   '     -         
 ,        ,      
󼨻󼨼     
     '          
  
1.    
    ()
    -           
    
󼪀󼪃󼪄󼪁󼪅󼪆󼪂󼪇  
                10 
  ,    ,         
       '   - NEET   
  '   
󷃆󼽢 
󷃆󼽢   
;    
2.
2.      ()
  , -          
  
       ,         
󼪀󼪃󼪄󼪁󼪅󼪆󼪂󼪇  
    ,   ,        
   
,       
    
               -
    
󷃆󼽢



󷃆󼽢
3.     (   )
       
 ,  , , ,    
   
󼪀󼪃󼪄󼪁󼪅󼪆󼪂󼪇  
                    
                  
  -      
󷃆󼽢


󷃆󼽢 
4.     
               

       
󼪀󼪃󼪄󼪁󼪅󼪆󼪂󼪇  
                 

 
-            
󷃆󼽢

󷃆󼽢
2.
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬  

                
   , 
       
-   :
      
      
    ( )
      
   '    ( )
     , 
      ( )  ,
   
󼨐󼨑󼨒  
   ,       '    ,
     - '        
         
 -   ,   
,        
󷆰    
              :
:            

  
 :         
    
 :           


󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍
           

    
        "    ?"  
,  "  

 ?"   
 
2.
   ,  ,  ,  ,       
         ',     , 
          
6.    ,    ?     '  
     '         ?
: - :    ?
             
     ,   ,       ,
 
   ,        
,  
   
                  1905 
  : "     " 
   ?
    ,          
 500  ,           
                

      
 ,            
              :
               (-
)
  
  ,     
,  , ,            "
 "     
       ?
      ,   ,      
       
2.
     :
1.     -      
  
    
2.     -           
3.    --  ,   -    
          
4.  -    '  
 
5.   ()-          "" 
               
   
   ,             
  
   
      :        (  ,
  ),  (, , , )   
       ,  -     ( )  
() ,   
   :
󷃆󽅕    ?
    
         ?
        -      
      

 :      
       -    
󷨁󷨂󷨃󷨄󷨅󷨈󷨆󷨇
     -         ,
              ,  
2.
 ,     '        
 ,              
 '        
       
  ,   -  
󷨁󷨂󷨃󷨄󷨅󷨈󷨆󷨇
              
             
   
   
     ,   ,      
             
         
    
   ,
          ,       ,
 
 ,     '  
        
     ?
           
    :

 

   
   
           
 ,      ,       
           
  :    
   
             , 
       
           ,     
2.
      (   )
   ,           
 :  ' ,   ' 
   
    
 :        
 :     '  ,   
 '
  ,  -       

     
           :
1.       -       
2. ,            
3.    
,     

    ,           
 

           

 ,   ,          -  
  -    ,        
               
        
   
     '    
     
     -         

  "     " 
    
          
2.
-
7.               
:         -    
󼨐󼨑󼨒   
  19
       ,    
                 
                "
    " (1893) ,           
:
   -    
    ,   
      ?
󼨻󼨼
   ,       
      -       -   

       
    1:   
            ,     - 
   -    :   
 ,   ,  
 ,
     
 -      ,      
   :
   
 
      
 
     
     
,                  
     
2.
󹲣󼩪󼩫󼩬󼩭󼩲󼩳󼩮󼩯󼩰󼩱   
    -      ,     
  
    :
1.   ( ,      )
,      
      
     
    
     (    , -  -
  )
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳   
   ,            ,  
 ,             
       ,        
2.   (,     )
, ,      
     
     
    '  
  ,  -  
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳  
  ,   , , ,  , , 
,      -           

,            '   ,
     '        -   
       
󼿍󼿎󼿑󼿒󼿏󼿓󼿐󼿔 

      :
   
-       
    -   '   
2.
    
-   ,    
 

    -       
               
󼿰󼿱󼿲  
       
      
           ,     
  
1.  (    )
     
       
  ,  ,           
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳  
       ,    ,     
 
               
 -    
2.  
   ,      (       ), 
           '   
  
       
3.    
 ,               

 ,         
      
,       
4.   
    ,      
    

        
 
󷃆󹸊󹸋  
    
2.
           
            
 
        
 
              
  
󼨐󼨑󼨒  
      ,       :
󷃆󼽢 
             

        
        
󽅂
  '   ,     ( 
)
          

         
 ,        
      
         
  -    
  
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂 
 
      , 
  :
-     ,       
       
       
,    
 
2.
       ,    ,    
    
      ,          , 
            
   
     ,  ,       
,      
 
8.     ?            
:    ?
             
 ,            
       :
󼏨󼏩󼏪󼏫󼏬󷸓󼏭󼏮󷸕󼏯󷸖󼏰󼏱󼏲󼏳󼏴     
                   , 
        -       
  ,   -           
    , "
    
!    
!"
     
,   ,        
       
?

        
 
 -       
       
󷃆󼽢     
   -,  ,        
           
    :
"   ,       ,      
     "
   :
2.
     (
   ' 

),
     (
        ),
      ,
                
      
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬    
             
, 
    -   
1.    
     
       
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
  
          
      
  , 
       
󷸎󷸏󷸐󷸑󷸒󷸓󷸔󷸙󷸕󷸚󷸖󷸛󷸜󷸝󷸗󷸘    ,           

,         
       
 
2.      
           
 ,  



󼨐󼨑󼨒 :      -  ,     , 
        ,      
󷸎󷸏󷸐󷸑󷸒󷸓󷸔󷸙󷸕󷸚󷸖󷸛󷸜󷸝󷸗󷸘 :              
          

󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾 

3.     
           ,       
2.
󼨐󼨑󼨒            
        
 -        
󷸎󷸏󷸐󷸑󷸒󷸓󷸔󷸙󷸕󷸚󷸖󷸛󷸜󷸝󷸗󷸘   ,       ,     
 
      ,      
4.    
       - 
     
  
 
 
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
 , , ,   
     
 
󷸎󷸏󷸐󷸑󷸒󷸓󷸔󷸙󷸕󷸚󷸖󷸛󷸜󷸝󷸗󷸘     
  -       

      
      
        :
󹲣󼩪󼩫󼩬󼩭󼩲󼩳󼩮󼩯󼩰󼩱 
                
 
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂  
  
  ( , )
 (  , , )
 (  )
 ()
󷸎󷸏󷸐󷸑󷸒󷸓󷸔󷸙󷸕󷸚󷸖󷸛󷸜󷸝󷸗󷸘 :     ,            
,    ,            -
 ,   ,    
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
2.
 -, ,        ,    
  
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂  
  -
 
  
  (   ,    )
 
󷸎󷸏󷸐󷸑󷸒󷸓󷸔󷸙󷸕󷸚󷸖󷸛󷸜󷸝󷸗󷸘     
   
,    

              - 
 
󹸯󹸭󹸮    

    
 
       
 
-
     


       
/ -
-
   
 
-
    
  

󼨻󼨼 

1.          -    , 
 
2.       - 
   ,     
  
3.       -  ,   - 
  
 
4.        -       
              
 
2.
󼨽󼨾󼨿󼩁󼩀 
              
 :
    (  ),
 , 
     '  
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾


 



󽄻󽄼󽄽 
     ,            
:
   
      
  
       

 -      
 
       
        
   -     
,    ,    ,     
 
  -     
,        
 
󷃆󼽢



           
  


, , ,   

 ( , ), - (, )
2.

   ,    ,    
      
"                  

          ,          "